Ceisteanna Coitianta
1. Cad is MÚM ann?
Agus é ar fáil go poiblí agus nuashonrú á dhéanamh air go leanúnach, forbraíodh “Monatóir Úinéireacht na Meán” (MUMÚ) mar uirlis léirscáilíochta d’fhonn bunachar sonraí a chur ina liostaítear na mórmheáin ábhartha uile - na meáin chlóite, raidió, teilifís, agus na meáin ar líne.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag MÚM aird a tharraingt ar na bealaí inar féidir le comhchruinniú ó thaobh úinéireacht na meán de dochar a dhéanamh d’iolrachas na meán (le haghaidh breis eolais: Modheolaíocht). Déanann MÚM measúnú cáilíochtúil ar dhálaí an mhargaidh agus ar an timpeallacht dhlíthiúil, leis, ar mhaithe le tuiscint a fháil ar shaintréithe náisiúnta agus chun fachtóirí a bhrath a chuireann le riosca nó a dhéanann é a mhaolú.
2. Cé atá de thiar de MÚM?
Tá MÚM á fhabhrú ag an Iriseoir ohne Grenzen e ó 2015 i leith. V. – an rannóg Ghearmánach den eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta um chearta an duine Reporters Without Borders (Reporters sans frontières, RSF), a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aici cosaint a dhéanamh ar shaoirse na meán clóite agus ar an gceart chun daoine a chur ar an eolas agus eolas a fháil áit ar bith ar domhan.
In 2019, rinneadh seach-fhiontar den tionscadal agus tugadh ar láimh é do Chlárlann na Meán Domhanda (CMD), fiontar sóisialta neamhspleách seachbhrabúsach faoi dhlí na Gearmáine.
3. Cén fáth a bhfuil trédhearcacht tábhachtach maidir le húinéireacht na meán?
Ní féidir le sochaithe daonlathacha déanamh gan iolrachas na meán ó tharla gur comhartha sóirt de mheáin atá saor, neamhspleách agus ilghnéitheach is ea dearcthaí éagsúil ó chéile a bheith le sonrú agus is bealach iad lena chinntiú gur féidir le daoine an aicme cheannais a cháineadh. Nuair a tharlaíonn comhchruinniú i margadh na meán, cuirtear éagsúlacht smaointe i mbaol, is é sin nuair a bhíonn tuairim an phobail go mór faoi anáil cúpla dream atá in ann bac ar a chur ar dhreamanna agus ar dhearcthaí eile a bheith páirteach sa chomhrá (comhchruinniú ó thaobh úinéireacht na meán de); I dtaca leis seo de, is é an easpa trédhearcachta atá ann maidir le húinéireacht na meán an chonstaic is mó le sárú: Conas is féidir le daoine iontaofacht eolais a mheas mura bhfuil a fhios acu cárbh as a tháinig sé? Conas is féidir le hiriseoirí a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh i gceart mura bhfuil a fhios acu cé atá i gceannas ar an gcuideachta lena bhfuil siad ag obair? Agus conas is féidir le húdaráis na meán aghaidh a thabhairt ar chomhchruinniú iomarcach i measc na meán mura bhfuil a fhios acu cé atá i mbun cúrsaí a stiúradh ó chúl stáitse?
Is é is aidhm le MÚM mar sin trédhearcacht a chothú agus an cheist a fhreagairt “tá ábhar na meán faoi smacht cé hé sa deireadh thiar thall?” d’fhonn an cheist seo a chur i mbéal an phobail agus chun bonn fíricí a chur i dtoll a chéile le gur féidir cuntas a iarraidh ar dhreamanna polaitiúla agus eacnamaíocha faoi na dálaí atá i réim faoi láthair.
Agus sinne den tuairim gur réamhriachtanas fíorthábhachtach é trédhearcacht chun iolrachas na meán a chosaint, cuirfimid cáipéisí ar fáil mar fhianaise ar oscailteacht cuideachtaí/asraonta meán le go mbeadh eolas ar fáil faoi struchtúr a gcuid úinéireachta. Agus a gcuid freagraí á mbreithniú, déanaimid idirdhealú ar bhonn cé chomh trédhearcach agus atá siad - rud a léirítear i bpróifíl gach asraoin meán agus gach cuideachta meán.
Is iomaí cúis a mbíonn ag úinéirí meán a bhfuil drogall orthu a gcuid infheistíochtaí a admháil nó iad go gníomhach ag iarraidh iad a cheilt fiú. D’fhéadfadh cúis dhlisteanach nó mhídhleathach a bhí taobh thiar de seo a bhaineann le cúrsaí pearsanta, dlíthiúla nó gnó - nó meascán díobh sin, i gcásanna tromchúiseacha d’fhéadfadh cionta coiriúla amhail imghabháil cánach nó sáruithe ar dhlíthe in aghaidh trustaí a bheith i gceist.
I measc na gcúiseanna seo tá:
- I roinnt tíortha, cuirtear srian de réir dlí ar úinéireacht na meán chun cosc a chur ar chomhchruinniú. Más mian le duine na srianta seo a shárú d’fhonn cur lena (h)impireacht meán, is minic a bhaintear leas as seach-úinéirí agus/nó cuideachtaí caocha atá cláraithe thar lear, nó eischósta fiú.
Déantar bagairtí ar úinéirí go pearsanta ar uairibh nó cuirtear i mbaol iad ar bhealach eile a eascraíonn ó rialtais nó ó ghnólachtaí atá in iomaíocht leo agus is ar mhaithe le hiad féin a chosaint a shocraíonn siad ar fhanacht anaithnid.
Go han-mhinic, tá úinéireacht na meán fite fuaite le leasanna polaitiúla nó eacnamaíocha míchuí, rud is dóichí fós má tá daoine páirteach ann ar sealbhóirí oifige poiblí iad nach maith leo go dtiocfadh coimhlint leasa dá leithéid chun solais.
Corruair, is trí thimpiste a cheiltear úinéireacht meán toisc go n-éiríonn struchtúir chorparáideacha chomh casta sin gur doiligh an t-úinéir tairbhiúil bunaidh a dhéanamh amach agus an oiread sin ama caite agus an oiread sin cumasc agus éadálacha tarlaithe ó bunaíodh an chuideachta.
Agus ná déanaimis dearmad ar na ‘gnáth-’ chúiseanna a bhíonn le hiompar mar seo – is é sin, cúiseanna le húinéireacht a cheilt nach mbaineann le cúrsaí meán: imghabháil cánach, cuir i gcás.
4. Cén sórt rialú ar chomhchruinniú atá á mholadh ag MÚM?
Ní dual do MÚM ráitis normatacha a dhéanamh – ní aigesean atá sé conas is ceart úinéireacht meán a rialú a mholadh. Maidir le cén bealach is fearr chun comhchruinniú meán a rialú, braitheann sé sin ar chomhthéacs na tíre, ar na coinníollacha dlí agus dálaí an mhargaidh atá ann cheana féin agus ar thimpeallacht na húinéireachta trí chéile.
Cuireann MÚM uirlis trédhearcachta ar fáil lenár féidir iallach a chur ar dhaoine an tsaincheist sin a phlé ar bhealach daonlathach chomh maith le dea-rialachas a fhorfheidhmiú: is mó seas go ndéantar cinntí ar chaighdeán níos airde a mbeidh riachtanais agus mianta na ndaoine níos mó le sonrú iontu má tá teacht ag daoine ar fhaisnéis a dhóthain agus ar chomhairliúcháin leathana i dtimpeallacht ina roinntear dearcthaí agus tuairimí gan dua.
5. Conas a dhéantar an "t-ábhar is ábhartha" a shainiú?
Is í an phríomhcheist ná: cad iad na cuideachtaí a bhfuil an tionchar is mó acu ar an gcaoi ina dtagann daoine ar a gcuid tuairimí féin? D’fhonn na meáin ábhartha go léir a scanadh, chuireamar gach cineál meán traidisiúnta san áireamh (Na Meáin Chlóite, Raidió, Teilifís, Ar Líne). Roghnaíodh na meáin de réir na gcritéar seo a leanas:
Dhírigh MÚM go príomha ar na meáin is cumasaí ó thaobh dul i gcion ar an bpobal agus é sin á thomhas de réir sciar den lucht féachana.
An mianach atá i scéal caint a tharraingt agus ábhar tuairime. Díríonn an staidéar seo ar eolas ginearálta a bhfuil gné náisiúnta ag baint leis. Fágadh as an áireamh dá réir meáin a dhíríonn ar théama ar leith (ceol, spórt, creideamh, srl.), chomh maith le láithreáin líonraithe shóisialta, innill chuardaigh agus fógraíocht.
Maidir leis na critéir a bhí mar bhonn faoin roghnú, is éard a bhí ann i dtús báire deich gcuideachta meán in aghaidh an chineáil meáin ar an meán (teilifís, raidió, meáin chlóite agus ar líne). Agus léargas á thabhairt ar na cuideachtaí meán is ábhartha, is é rud atá ag tarlú cheana féin ná go bhfuil treochtaí ó thaobh chomhchruinniú na meán de á dtabhairt chun solais. Seans go gcuirfí níos mó cuideachtaí meán leis an liosta de réir a ábharthachta i dtaca lena n-úinéir agus an tionchar atá acu ar thuairim an phobail (léigh tuilleadh - “Conas a roghnaítear cuideachtaí meán?").
6. Conas a bhailítear sonraí agus a dhéantar iad a bhailíochtú?
Throughout this process we endeavoured to use official data sources and sources that have become standard metrics for the media industry in Ireland and have a high level of reliability and trust. Our aim was to use publicly available data as much as possible, where this wasn’t available we requested data from media companies, market research companies and industry representative organisations directly. All of our sources are documented and archived.
When looking for TV and Radio audience data we used reports from TV Audience Measurement (TAM) Ireland (2022/2023) and Joint National Listenership Research (JNLR) Ireland (2022/2023). For print we used data available from Kantar TGI Republic of Ireland Survey data (2022/2023) where available, this was sourced from individual publishers, medialive.ie and industry representative organisations. For online readership data we used the Reuters Digital News Report Ireland 2023.
Turning to company information for media groups operating in Ireland. Publicly available data was obtained from the Companies Registration Office (CRO) Ireland where companies must register their interests and, for publicly trading companies, their annual accounts. For UK based entities we accessed company details through the Companies House database. We made extensive use of the FAME UK & Ireland Database (Financial Analysis Made Easy), operated by Bureau Van Dijk which includes details on company ownership, structure and financial returns throughout the UK and Ireland.
For this research, MOM worked with a national advisory panel throughout the research process. This panel was composed of national experts with substantial knowledge of media and communications in Ireland
7. Conas a roghnaítear cuideachtaí meán?
Radio:
Radio stations were selected according to their market share using the IPSOS MRBI Joint National Listenership Research (JNLR). This research provides bi-annual reporting on radio listenership across Ireland based on surveys of 16,800 Irish people aged 15+ each year. For this research we used the January to December 2022 and the July 2022 to June 2023 reports.
Television:
There are three main TV providers in Ireland who provide Irish facing news content, for the purposes of this study we have included all three and any of their stations that broadcast news content. Television ratings for each channel were sourced from the TV Audience Measurement Ireland (TAM Ireland) TV Ratings 2022. TAM Ireland provide rolling TV ratings data to the market throughout the year as well as monthly and annual reporting. This data is gathered by Nielsen and based on the viewing habits of a nationally representative panel of over 1,000 households.
Print:
For print readership we used data available on daily readership to select the national daily titles included in our sample. For these titles readership data was gathered from medialive.ie and individual publications. Unlike TV, radio and online there is no dedicated publicly available audience research source on the Irish print market at present. However, the bi-annual Kantar TGI Republic of Ireland Survey has become the main source in the Irish media market for readership data. This has become the defacto replacement for the Joint National Readership Survey (JNRS) Ireland which ran from 1974 to the mid 2010s. Up to date circulation data is not available publicly for most print publications. The scope of the bi-annual Audited Bureau of Circulation (ABC) reports has diminished in recent years as major media groups have withdrew from this research since 2018/19.
In the print category we have also included two local media groups and two news magazines. Media Concierge and the Celtic Media Group own multiple local newspapers across Ireland. While individually each title reaches a relatively small local audience; these are included due to the significant scale of their combined reach. Within the Irish electoral system of Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote (PR-STV), local politics play a significant role in elections, with seats won by small margins. Local issues and campaigns can have a considerable impact on the outcome of national and EU elections in Ireland. The Phoenix and The Village are also included in our print sample as these news magazines have played an important role in holding the government to account and investigative journalism.
Online:
For online news outlets our sample includes the online platform for national daily print newspapers and online only news outlets. In the majority of cases, titles were selected due to their reach as reported in the Reuters Digital News Report Ireland 2023. We have also included a number of online outlets who have smaller reach in the Irish market. We chose to include these outlets due to their role in driving the news agenda in Ireland recently through investigative journalism into specific topics such as health and housing.
8. Cad chuige Éire?
In 2023, Ireland ranks 2nd out of 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders. This means that the climate of press freedom in Ireland is relatively positive, attacks on or censorship of journalists is rare.
However, in line with global trends, shrinking commercial revenues define the Irish media market. This increases the risk of mergers of domestic companies, acquisitions by foreign investors, and with that concentration of content and ownership. The Media Ownership Monitor serves as a transparency tool to enforce a democratic discussion on those issues as well as good governance.
Ireland is the first country in the European Union to implement the Media Ownership Monitor. It builds on the existing database mediaownership.ie, by adding more detailed, carefully researched and documented context, as well as comparable indicators of risk to media pluralism.
9. An ann do MÚM do mhuintir na hÉireann amháin?
Forbraíodh MÚM mar mhodheolaíocht inaistrithe ar féidir í a chur i bhfeidhm in aon áit – agus seans maith go gcuirfí. Cé go bhfuil claonadh chun comhchruinnithe le sonrú sna meáin ar fud an domhain; déanfar é a chur i bhfeidhm agus anailís ina thaobh ar dtús i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha. Cuireadh MÚM i bhfeidhm i dtuairim is 20 tír le trí bliana anuas. Tá tionscadal gach tíre le fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin domhanda.
10. Cad iad na heasnaimh atá ar an staidéar?
The selection of the sample and the subsequent analysis in the risk indicators and findings articles rely on publicly available data - audience and economic data. In Ireland, as in many other countries, not all of the data was readily available, comparable, or reliable.
- No reliable audience data: Audience and revenue data for print news is difficult to find. For instance there is currently no industry wide publicly available data equivalent to the JNLR or TAM Ireland for print. As a result of this we have relied on individually reported audience data for print directly from news publishers. This data comes from a number of sources which vary from publisher to publisher. Generally, they include the Kantar TGI Survey; a bi-annual nationally representative survey of over 4,000 Irish adults; newspaper circulation data from the Audited Bureau of Circulation (ABC) where available, and individual surveys commissioned by news organisations. We have endeavoured to utilise data that is publicly available as much as possible.
For online platforms we have used the Reuters Digital News Report Ireland 2023 to assess readership levels for sample selection. This is an annual survey of over 2,000 Irish adults on their online news media consumption.
- No financial data: Turning to publicly available data on income, there is an absence of overall revenue data available for the different platforms that make up the Irish media market, meaning that market share is unavailable for this project. We have used reporting from Core and PWC to assess the overall media advertising market and public submissions from industry representative organisations. When examining publicly available financial data from media organisations in Ireland we found that reporting tends to be at a group level with little information available for individual titles or channels.
11. Cé orthu a ndírímid?
An bunachar sonraí :
is áis é lenar féidir le gach saoránach éirí eolasach faoi chóras na meán i gcoitinne;
Fónann sé mar bhonn fíricí do na hiarrachtaí atá ar bun sa tsochaí shibhialta chun aird an phobail a tharraingt ar úinéireacht na meán agus ar chomhchruinniú i measc na meán;
feidhmíonn sé mar shlat tomhais trína féidir dul i gcomhairle le húdaráis iomaíochta nó le comhlachtaí rialtais nuair atá bearta rialála oiriúnacha á mbunú chun iolrachas na meán a chosaint.
12. Cad é an chéad rud eile le tarlú?
Tugann an bunachar sonraí spléachadh ar chúrsaí mar atá siad faoi láthair, agus úsáid á mbaint as fíricí stairiúla chun staid na linne seo a chur i gcomhthéacs. Déanfaidh foireann FuJo - Institiúid do Thodhchaí na Meán agus na hIriseoireachta ag Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath - é a nuashonrú go rialta.
13. An bhfuil aon tionscadal eile ann ar aon dul leis seo?
Fuair Monatóir Úinéireacht na Meán spreagadh go príomha ó dhá thionscadal chomhchosúla. Go háirithe na táscairí do rangú a ceapadh níos déanaí a bhraitheann go mór ar an Monatóir Iolrachas na Meán, tionscnamh a fhaigheann maoiniú ón AE agus a reáchtáiltear faoi scáth an Ionaid Iolrachais agus Saoirse na Meán (CMPF) ag Institiúid na hOllscoile Eorpaí (EUI, Flórans). Rud eile de, fuarthas spreagadh do Mhonatóir Úinéireacht na Meán ó Media Pedia, bunachar sonraí úinéireachta ar fhorbair iriseoirí iniúchta sa Mhacadóin é. Tá forléargas maidir ar thionscadail chomhchosúla eile le fáil sa tábla thíos.
Eagraíocht | Sórt | ||
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A Spanish NGO that works in the field of media ownership transparency in several European countries. | |||
An NGO which works in the field of press freedom. It implements media concentration projects. | |||
The Media Freedom Navigator of Deutsche Welle provides an overview of different media freedom indices. | |||
A database of television and audiovisual services in Europe. | |||
| The Website provides a summary and analysis of the state of the media in Europe and neighbouring countries.
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The Media Pluralism Monitor assesses risks for media pluralism in the EU Member States. | |||
The network provides information of the state of the media in many countries. | |||
The Media Sustainability Index (MSI) provides analyses of the conditions for independent media in 80 countries. | |||
The Website provides information about media ownership in Great Britain. | |||
The organisation publishes an interactive database about media in the United States. | |||
Monitors media ownership and the impact on media pluralism in southeastern Europe and EU member states. | |||
The Columbia Institute for Tele-Information at Columbia Business School | A research that works with authors from 30 countries in the world about media concentration using a common methodology. | ||
A database of international corporations of the world´s biggest media. | |||
Media Development Indicators - A framework for assessing media development. |